Marbury vs Madison, what about other midnight judges?

Marbury v. Madison strengthened the federal judiciary by establishing for it the power of judicial review, by which the federal courts could declare legislation, as well as executive and administrative actions, inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution (“unconstitutional”) and therefore null and void. What was unique about Marbury v Madison? Marbury v. Madison (1803) was a …

In WW2 USN ships, what was the weight of a typical boiler?

Each boiler weighed 157,850 pounds dry weight.  Do navy ships have boilers? Boilers- boilers are used on almost all naval vessels, either to provide steam for propulsion turbines or to provide steam used in hotel services such as space heaters, hot water heaters, sculleries, laundry, etc. There are many different boilers used in the Navy. …

What’s this 1917 shell casing, more exactly?

What materials are artillery shells? Shell casings have been made from many different materials including brass, steel, aluminum, plastic, and combustible materials. They may also be made from a combination of these materials. Many casing have special finishes on their surfaces to protect them from harsh conditions. Brass casings normally have no finish. What were …

Was breaching the Yellow River dykes Chiang Kai-Shek’s Mers-el-Kebir?

What happened to the Yellow River in China? Before damming, it was extremely prone to flooding, and caused millions of deaths, including the deadliest disaster in human history. Between 608 BC and 1938 AD, the Yellow River changed course 26 times, and flooded over 1,500 times!  What caused the Yellow River to flood in ancient …

Are there any references of Muhammad’s letter to Khosrow II, outside of Islamic historiography?

Did Prophet Muhammad write a letter? Prophet Mohammed, peace and prayer be upon him, sent several letters to kings and rulers outside the Arabian Peninsula to invite them to Islam. In a letter sent to Egyptian ruler Al-Muqawqis in the sixth year of hijri, the prophet invited him to Islam and said if he becomes …

How was the Cuban military capable of performing African interventions?

Why did Cuba intervene in Africa? As the Angolan Civil War broke out, Cuban intervention in Angola was a large-scale intervention to support the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). What was the Cuba military operation? The Cuban Project, also known as Operation Mongoose, was an extensive campaign of terrorist attacks against civilians …

Where did John Adams write of the night he shared a bed and an argument with Benjamin Franklin? Did Franklin write of it as well?

Did John Adams share a bed with Benjamin Franklin? And it wasn’t pretty. The younger man was John Adams, who in 21 years would become our nation’s second president. His bedmate for the evening was none other than the eminent scientist, publisher and statesman Benjamin Franklin.  What happened between John Adams and Ben Franklin? During …

What was the death rate of Germans outside Germany’s post war border after World War 2?

How many ethnic Germans were killed after ww2? Many ethnic German civilians who had lived in the area for generations were tortured and slain by partisan fighters in raids of reprisal by Yugoslave forces. According to the authors, about 51,000 ethnic Germans were systematically killed in civilian death camps by starvation and intentionally controlled epidemics. …